References
Yet Some More HistoryChenier NM: Reproductive hazards at work, Ottawa, 1982, Canadian Advisory Council on the Status of Women.Kemp P, editor: The Oxford companion to ships and the sea, Oxford, 1988, Oxford University Press.Lilienfeld AM: Foundations of epidemiology, New York, 1976, Oxford University Press.Lind J: A treatise of the scurvey, Edinburgh, 1753, Sands, Murray, and Cochrane.
Design Elements Number of ObservationsBagby RM, Silverman I, Ryan DP: Effects of mental health legislative reforms in Ontario, Can Psycho1 28:21-29, 1987.
Comparison GroupsHill AB: Statistical methods in clinical and preventive medicine, Edinburgh, 1962, Livingstone.Hinshaw HC, Feldman WH, Pfuetze KH: Treatment of tuberculosis with streptomycin: summary of observations on 100 cases, JAMA 132:778-782, 1946.
Sampling Cluster SamplingDonner A, Birkett N, Buck C: Randomization by cluster: sample size requirements and analysis, Am J Epidemiol 114:906-914, 1981.Spitzer WO, Sackett DL, Sibley JC: The Burlington randomized trial of the nurse practitioner, N Engl J Med 290:251-256, 1974.
Haphazard SamplingMueller PS, Watkin DM: Plasma unesterified fatty acid concentrations in neoplastic disease, J Lab Clin Med 57:95-108, 1961.Quick AJ: Hemolysate prothrombin consumption time: a new test for thromboplastinogenic coagulation defects, J Lab Clin Med 57:290-299, 1961.
Subject Allocation MinimizationTaves, DR: Minimization: a new method of assigning patients to treatment and control groups, Clin Pharm Ther 15:443-453, 1974.
Other Forms of RandomizationZelen M: Play the winner rule and the controlled clinical trial, J Am Stat Assoc 64:131-146, 1969Zelen M: A new design for randomized clinical trials, N Engl J Med 300:1242-1245, 1979.
Threats to ValidityCook, TD, Campbell DT: Quasi-experimentation: design issues for field settings, Chicago, 1979, Rand McNally.
Subject Selection BiasesSackett DL: Bias in analytic research, J Chronic Dis 32:51-63, 1979.
Healthy Worker BiasSeltzer CC, Jablon S: Effects of selection on mortality, Am J Epidemiol 100:367-372, 1974.Incidence-Prevalence BiasAmerican Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Washington DC, 1994, APA.Harding CM, Zubin J, Strauss JS: Chronicity in schizophrenia: fact, partial fact, or artifact? Hosp Community Psychiatry 38:477-486, 1987.Volunteer BiasAmerican Heart Association: The national diet-heart study: final report. American Heart Association Monograph No. 18, New York, 1980, AHA.Horwitz RI, Horwitz SM: Adherence to treatment and health outcomes, Arch Intern Med 153:1863-1868, 1993.Coronary Drug Project Research Group: Influence of adherence to treatment and response to cholesterol on mortality in the coronary drug project, N Eng J Med 303:1038-1041, 1980.Sims ACP: Importance of a high tracing-rate in long-term medical follow-up studies, Lancet ii:433-435, 1973.Hawthorne EffectBramel D, Friend R: Hawthorne, the myth of the docile worker, and class bias in psychology, Am Psycho1 36:867-878, 1981.Frank JD: Persuasion and healing, Baltimore, 1961, Johns Hopkins Press.Parsons HM: What happened at Hawthorne? Science 183:922-932, 1974.
BlindingBeecher HK: The powerful placebo, JAMA 159:1602-1606, 1955.Rosenthal R: Experimenter effects in behavioral research, New York, 1966 Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Surrogate End PointsKessler DA, Feiden KL: Faster evaluation of vital drugs, Sci Am 272(3):48-54, 1995.Strandberg TE, Salomaa VV, Naukkarinen VA: Long-term mortality after 5-year multifactorial primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in middle-aged men, JAMA 266:1225-1229, 1991.
ConfoundingHennekens CH, Buring JE: Epidemiology in medicine, Boston, 1987, Little, Brown.
InteractionsShapiro S, Slone D, Rosenberg L: Oral-contraceptive use in relation to myocardial infarction, Lancet i:743-746, 1979.
Cohort EffectsHorn JL, Donaldson G: On the myth of intellectual decline in adulthood, Am Psycho1 31:701-719, 1976.Schaie KW: The course of adult intellectual development, Am Psycho1 49:304-313, 1994.
Ecologic FallacyRobinson WS: Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals, Am Sociol Rev 15:351-357, 1950.
Epidemiologic Research Strategies NomenclatureKleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Morgenstern H: Epidemiologic research: principles and quantitative methods, Belmont, Calif, 1982, Lifetime Learning Publications.
ExamplesBieber I, Dain HJ, Dince PR: Homosexuality, New York, 1962, Basic Books.Comstock GW: Fatal arteriosclerotic heart disease, water hardness at home, and socioeconomic characteristics, Am J Epidemiol 94:1-10, 1971.Duncan GJ, Hill MS, Hoffman SD: Welfare dependence within and across generations, Science 239:467-471, 1988.Ederer F: Serum cholesterol changes: effects of diet and regression toward the mean, J Chronic Dis 25:277-289, 1972.Schroeder HA: Relationship between mortality from cardiovascular disease and treated water supplies: variations in states and 163 largest municipalities of the United States, JAMA 172:1902-1908, 1960.
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